Indonesian Chimica Letters

Assessment of Proximate and Phytochemical contents of Some Herbal Snuffs Sold in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria

Ummu Tukur, AI Umar, Yusuf Sarkingobir, Ahmad Zayyanu — Mon, 19 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0700

There is current rise in use of herbal stuffs for medicinal purposes due to accessibility, cheapness, and other reasons. But information about their contents is limited and therefore it is imperative to unveil it. The objective of this work was to carry out determination of phytochemicals, and proximate compositions of the selected herbal snuffs in Sokoto, Nigeria.The three different herbal snuffs namely, Hajiya Aisha, Hajiya safiya, and Dr Lambo were purchased from Sokoto market, Sokoto City, Sokoto State, Nigeria. The determination of phytochemicals, and proximate compositions was performed by the methods of Association of Analytical Chemists. Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, glycosides steroids, and terpenoids were determined. In terms of ash, the range determined is 23.00 ± 0.05 to 25.00±0.1 %. The lipid assessed was 9.10 ± 0.5 to 13.00 ± 0.05 %. 5.00 ± 0.3 to 8.20± 0.02 % was the range of protein determined. Fibre values of 6.60 ± 0.02 to 10.10± 0.5 % were reveled and 41.00 ± 0.1 to 48.10 ± 0.5 % is the range of carbohydrate assessed in the snuffs. Nevertheless, owing to the nutritional proximate values, and medicinally useful phytochemicals determined in these snuffs (Dr Lambo, Hajiya Aisha, and Hajiya Safiya) selected from sokoto, Nigeria; the snuffs are of benefits to the users in that regards. However, other scientific quality measurement studies should be done to ascertain the safety of the snuffs on human subjects.

Optimum pH Buffer of Phosphate and Carbonate on The Crude Extraction of Uricase Enzyme from Goat Liver

Wuryanti Handayani, Leyla Novita Brigiyanti, Sudarko, Anak Agung Istri Ratnadewi — Mon, 19 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Uricase enzyme (urate oxidase) is an enzyme that catalyze the oxidation of uric acid in the presence of oxygen to produce allantoin, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Human and primates do not have this enzyme while other mammals have it in the liver therefore the uricase enzymes are extracted from goat liver use a buffer that is compatible with the human buffer system. The type of buffer selected adjusted at the appropriate pH. The optimum uricase pH ranged from 7.5 to 9.5. The selection of buffer type is adjusted to the human buffer system. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the type and pH of the extraction buffer on the total activity, protein total and specific activity of crude uricase. The types of buffer selected are phosphate buffer and carbonate buffer, while the selected pH is 7.5; 8.5; and 9.5. The method used is enzyme extraction, then determination of enzyme activity and protein content to determine the specific activity of the enzyme. The results obtained the highest total enzyme activity at pH 8.5 both in carbonate buffer (0.0481 U/mL) and phosphate buffer (0.0383 U/mL). The highest protein total in carbonate buffer was at pH 9.5 (4.55 mg/mL) while the highest value was in phosphate buffer pH 8.5 (4.1 mg/mL). The specific activity of uricase pH 8.5 was carbonate buffer (0.0114 U/mg) and phosphate buffer (0.0094 U/mg). The highest uricase specific activity value was at pH 8.5 for both carbonate and phosphate buffer types and in the long term it is used as a gout therapy.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hematite (α-Fe2O3) from Indonesia Iron Sand

Mon, 19 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0700

High potency of Indonesian iron sand can be optimized by transforming to valuable iron oxide product namely Hematite (α-Fe₂O₃). Hydrothermal synthesis was carried out to transform iron oxide phase to hematite that can be analyzed by x-ray diffraction method. Utilization of ion sand as raw material produced multyphase in product reaction, while the usage of Fe(OH)_x that extracted from iron sand attained high purity of hematite. The best conditions of reaction were at 160 ^oC for 24 h. Higher temperature and longer time reaction transformed α- α-Fe₂O₃ to be γ-Al₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ as more stable phase.

Effect of pH and Incubation Time on Dissolved Nitrogen During Autolityc Degradation of Chicken Intestine

Mon, 19 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Chicken intestine is a part of internal organs, which are rich in protein and protease enzymes. The protease enzyme could self-degrade (autolytic degradation process) proteins in the chicken intestine at an appropriate pH and incubation time. This process produces a shorter chain polypeptide having a higher solubility protein called protein hydrolysates. Protein hydrolysates have shown a good impact in foods and health applications. In this study, the autolytic degradation of chicken intestine was carried out to obtain protein hydrolysates. The effect of pH and incubation time on the dissolved nitrogen (%N) and protein content ([protein]) in hydrolysate from the autolytic degradation of chicken intestine explained in this paper. The incubation pH used in this study was 2.5, 3.5, 5.5., and 6.3 while the the incubation time was 0, 6, 12, and 18 h. Chicken intestine was incubated for 18 h at several different pHs, and the % N and protein content were determined by using Formol titration and Bradford methods, respectively, within 6 h intervals. It was obtained the % N and [protein] content increase at pH 2.5 and 3.5 during 18 h of incubation time and they were decreased at a higher pH. The optimum % N and [protein] content were 5.98±0.51 % and 25.3±0.04 mg mL^-1, respectively, obtained at pH of 2.5 during 18 h incubation time.

Characterization of Polysulfone Membrane with Variation of Ethanol Concentrations in Coagulation Bath for Ultrafiltration Membrane

Mon, 19 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The aim of this research is to study influence of ethanol concentrations in coagulation bath to charecteristic of physical properties and polysulfone membrane performance. Ethanol concentrations that used is 0; 40; 50; 60 ; 70; 80; 90 %. Process of making for polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane is prepared with phase inversion technique. Polysulfone membrane is made from polysulfone solved in N,N- dimetilacetamida (DMAc) and additive poly(ethylene glikol) (PEG) 600 in proportion 18 %: 77 %: 5 %. The result showed that increasing ethanol concentrations causes the increasing of density and increase concentrations from 0 - 50 % causes increasing swelling degree, but decreasing swelling degree from concentrations 60 - 90 %. However influence of ethanol concentration in coagulation bath to membrane performance is increasing of water flux, permeability coefficient, and rejection coefficient to dextran. It based on of result that polysulfone membrane with ethanol concentrations 80 dan 90 % included membrane classification ultrafiltration by rejection coefficient value above 90 %.

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Mon, 19 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Editorial Team

Mon, 19 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0700