Jurnal ILMU DASAR

Interleukin-6 as an Indicator for Acute Toxicity of DBL2β-PfEMP1 Recombinant protein as a Peptide-based Malaria Vaccine Candidate

Leny Yulia Widia Sari, Erma Sulistyaningsih, Tri Agus Siswoyo — Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Malaria caused by Plasmodium spp is an important health problem, and vaccination could be essential for disease prevention. One potential protein candidate is the Duffy binding-like 2β (DBL2β)-Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). The protein is responsible for malaria pathogenesis by mediating binding to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a receptor on the host cells. This study aimed to investigate the acute toxicity of the DBL2β-PfEMP1 recombinant protein as a basis for developing a peptide-based malaria vaccine based on body weight and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration. The study used male and female Wistar rats, which were divided into treatment and control groups after two weeks of acclimatization. Rats in the treatment group were injected with 750 µg DBL2β-PfEMP1 recombinant protein, and the control group was injected with NaCl 0.9%. Any indications of clinical toxicity symptoms were closely monitored within 4 hours of injection up to 24 hours. Observations were conducted daily for 14 days and included body weight and toxicity symptoms such as rising fur, tremors, salivation, diarrhea, weakness, draping, excitability, twitching, and death. Blood was collected on days 5, 7, and 14 for IL-6 examination using the ELISA method. Rats were euthanized on day 14. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA test. There was no significant weight loss as well as weight gain and toxicity symptoms during 14 days after treatment in all groups. There was an increase IL-6 levels on day 14 in all groups. However, statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between the control and treatment groups (p>0.05). This study showed that the DBL2β-PfEMP1 recombinant protein has no acute toxicity in Wistar rats, implying its safety and potential as a peptide-based malaria vaccine.

Effect of Drought Stress on Morphology and Chlorophyll Content of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Sorghum is a type of cereal plant that easily adapts to stressful environmental conditions. Sorghum has many benefits as it can be used as food, feed, and energy sources, making it a promising crop for development on dry land in Indonesia. Drought impacts plants during their growth process, causing physiological and biological changes. This study aims to determine the effect of drought stress on the morphology and chlorophyll content of sorghum plants. Preliminary research was conducted by planting three varieties of sorghum (Numbu, Super 1, and Super 2). Subsequent planting involved selecting the variety most resistant to drought based on data analysis of several parameters. The basic design used in this experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor: the level of drought stress, which had four levels -no drought stress as a day 0 (control) and drought stress for 3, 6 and 9 days by withholding water. The results showed a decrease in the total chlorophyll content of the leaves over time. Drought stress for 6 and 9 days without watering resulted in water content dropping below 25%, indicating severe drought stress and disrupting plant growth. Severe drought stress was characterized by low soil and leaf water content, yellowing and curling of the leaves.

The Bioinsecticide of The Essential Oil of Citronella (Cymbopogon citratus) Against Black Ants (Crematogaster sp)

Muhamad Agus Wibowo, Sri Wahyuni, Puji Ardiningsih, Afghani Jayuska — Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus has the potential as a natural bioinsecticide in safe pest control. This research aimed to determine the chemical content and activity of the essential oil of C. citratus from Punggur village, Kubu Raya district, in killing black ants. This research was conducted in two stages: (i) Distillation of citronella oil and its characterization by IR and GC-MS, and (ii) bioinsecticide test of the oil on black ants (Crematogaster sp). The distillation results gave a yield of 0.43%, which contained 47 compounds with 7 main compounds namely beta.-Myrcene (9.98%), iso-geranial (7.25%), linalool (2.04%), geranyl acetate (2 .39%), geranic acid(1.07%), citral (Z)-(14.97%), and citral (E)-(4.71%). Characterization with IR showed that there were absorption wavelengths of 3500 cm^-1 (C-OH), 3086 cm^-1 (C-H alkenes), 2920 cm^-1 (C H alkanes), 2856 cm^-1 and 2748 cm^-1 (C-H aldehyde), 1716 cm^-1 and 1674 cm^-1 (C=O). The anti-ant activity test using various concentrations gave an LCM100 value of 1% and an LC50 of 0.016%. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the essential oil of citronella leaves is a bioinsecticide against Crematogaster sp.

Navigation System of Electric Car with Faster R-CNN for Pediatric Patient Transportation

Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The use of electric cars as a means of transportation for pediatric patients has the main purpose of having a positive effect on the psychology of pediatric patients before surgery. Therefore, it is expected to accelerate the healing process. An electric car navigation system that can recognize the environment is needed. This article aims to develop a camera-based semi-autonomous navigation system using the faster R-CNN method to detect markers as electric car direction. This method optimizes the range of interest (RoI) layer to produce optimal features. Faster R-CNN is faster in generating accurate region proposals compared to R-CNN and Fast R-CNN. Various Faster R-CNN models were tested in image data processing for marker detection as the electric car steering system. Test results on FPS variations show that the best results were obtained when using the Faster R-CNN MobileNet V3 Large 320 FPN model with a value of 11.3f ps for the forward marker, 18.9 fps for the stop marker, 22.6 fps for the left turn marker and 11.1 fps for the right turn marker. With this model, the results obtained are quite good in testing the performance of the car navigation system. The results obtained in the success of the test are 70% for the forward marker test, 100% for the stop marker test, 90% for the left turn marker and 100% for the right turn marker.

Efficacy of Ethanol Extract of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Against Pneumonia-Causing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Indah Sulistiyawati, Muhammad Falah, Ari Dwi Nurasih — Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most common pathogens in nosocomial respiratory infections. Antibiotics are often used for the treatment of K. pneumoniae infections. Increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics is closely related to the success rate of infectious disease therapy. The use of plants as phytopharmacology is currently an alternative treatment. Some medicinal plants that have antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity are Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) with an active compound called andrographol. The purpose of this study was to provide a solution to the problem above by developing a phytopharmaceutical using bitter extract to inhibit the growth of K. pneumoniae bacteria. Two sputum samples from the laboratory confirmed Covid-19 patients with pneumonia infection at the Hospital. The sambiloto was extracted by using 96% ethanol. The extract was further analyzed for its antimicrobial activity and phytochemical compounds. There were two K. pneumoniae isolates, namely KpRNG and KpTRI. The active compounds were saponin and steroids. The antimicrobial activity of the ginger extract was measured with different concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Its inhibitory zone against K. pneumoniae was ranging from 5.8 to 7 mm or had a moderate inhibition category.

Degraded Forest Evaluation Using Vegetation Indices at Bandealit Resort, Meru Betiri National Park

Budi Putra Mulyadi, Hari Sulistiyowati, Retno Wimbaningrum — Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The forest degradation and deforestation was widely occurred in Indonesia and Meru Betiri National Park is one of the area with illegal loggings threats. Bandealit Resort as one of the resort in Meru Betiri National Park was reported as the area with high activity of illegal loggings specifically in 2020. Based on this information, this research study aims to evaluate the degraded level of the forests using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Enhanced Vegetation Index (NDVI and EVI) so it can be managed and evaluated in the future. This research use direct and indirect observation methods in three areas with different damage levels. Direct observation was done by counting the number of species and the stands trees, while the indirect observation was analyzing the Landsat 8 Imagery in 2020, 2021 and 2022. The results showed that the A area had the lowest density with only 45 remaining trees than two others with more than 150 trees. The greenness levels imply the quality level of tree stand density, as higher the tree stand density, the higher the greenness. NDVI and EVI showed that A area had the range from low greenness (sparse density) to high greenness (medium density) than two others area had the higher greenness and densities.

Effect of Nitrogen Composition on Band Gap Energy and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2-N/Zeolite Composite

Hanif Mufti Al Islam, Sutisna Sutisna, Lutfi Rohman — Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0700

In this study, the application and performance of TiO₂-N/Zeolite composites for MB photodegradation under UV irradiation have been reviewed. To improve the removal performance, the TiO₂-N/Zeolite composite was varied based on the concentration ratio of urea to TiO₂, where urea is a precursor of nitrogen. UV-Vis DRS tests were also carried out to compare and evaluate differences in band gap energy for each variant, analysis of degradation results and MB removal mechanisms by TiO₂-N/Zeolite composites are described in this study. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of the urea to TiO₂ concentration ratio (urea:TiO₂), on the photocatalytic activity of the TiO₂-N/Zeolite composite and also its physical characteristics, namely band gap energy. Thus, as a comparison, TiO₂ and TiO₂-N were also tested for photocatalytic activity and band gap energy physical characteristics. The conclusion obtained from this research is that the smaller the nitrogen composition in the TiO₂-N/Zeolite composite, the greater the photocatalytic activity capability in degrading MB, in this case the TiO₂-N/Zeolite (1.5) sample has the best photocatalytic activity. The next conclusion is that the higher the nitrogen composition in the TiO₂-N/Zeolite composite, the smaller the band gap energy.

The Structure of p-fixed Autonilpotent Finite Groups

Shima Hosseini — Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The concept of autonilpotent groups was introduced by Moghaddam and Parvaneh in 2010 which is related to concepts of absolute centre and autocommutator subgroups that were first proposed by Hegarty in 1994 and 1997 respectively. In the present article we give some useful properties of such groups. In the first section, we define a subgroup GK_n for a given group G, as GK_n=〈 [g ,α^n ] ┤| g∈ G,α∈Aut(G) 〉 which is characteristic subgroup of G . In this section, based on the induction method, we obtain the structure of GK_n as 〈 [ g ,α ]^n ┤|g∈ G,α∈ Aut(G) 〉, 〈 [ g ,α ]^n [g,α,α]^(n(n-1)/2) ┤|g∈ G,α∈ Aut(G) 〉 and 〈 (∏_(i=0)^(n-1)▒〖[g,α] [g,α,α]^i) [g,α,α,α]^((n(n-1)(n-2))/6) 〗┤|g∈ G,α∈ Aut(G) 〉 in autonilpotent groups of classes 2, 3 and 4 respectively. In second section, n-fixed group is introduced as a group G with GK_n=1 for some n∈N. Then among other results of n-fixed groups, we characterize some n-fixed groups. Based on the role of the absolute centre subgroup in the structure of the group, we prove a non-trivial finite group G is isomorphic to Z_2 iff G is 1-fixed group also we show that abelian group G is p -fixed autonilpotent group iff it is isomorphic to G≅ C_(2^k ) where 1≤ k≤ 3

Early Detection of Microplastic Contamination in Fishes In The Sukamade Shoreline, Meru Betiri National Park

Selvi Ariyunita, Wachju Subchan, Anisa Fitria — Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Microplastics (< 5 mm) have the potential to be a threat to organisms. However, the study of microplastic contamination in conservation areas, especially in Indonesia, is still limited. The Sukamade is a conservation area that is potentially contaminated by microplastic. This study aims to detect microplastic contamination in fish caught in the Sukamade shoreline as an early warning of the potential threat to biodiversity. The study was conducted from September to December 2022. The methods used include: 1). Fish sampling, 2). Dissection and removal of the gills and gastrointestinal tract; 3). Microplastic characterization based on sizes, shapes, and colors; 4). Data analysis. This is the first report that 451 microplastic particles were detected in four fish caught from the Sukamade shoreline: two individuals of Senangin fish (Eleutheronema sp.), one individual of Lemuru fish (Sardinella sp.), and one individual of Lowang totol fish (Trachinotus sp.). The presence of microplastic in the gastrointestinal tract of fishes shows the possibility of microplastic translocation in tissue and another tropic level, causing health problems in organisms and the community as a constituent of biodiversity.